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A rocket engine uses stored rocket propellants as the reaction mass. Reaction mass forms a high speed propulsive jet of fluid, usually high temperature gas. Rocket engines are type of engines using reaction, producing thrust by ejecting mass rearward, according to the Newton's third law of action and reaction. Most rocket engines use the combustion of reactive chemicals to supply the necessary energy, but non-combusting forms such as cold gas thrusters and nuclear thermal rockets also exist. RD-180 test firing at Marshall Space Flight Center, source wiki Rocket engines produce thrust by the ejection of an exhaust fluid that has been accelerated to high speed through a propelling nozzle. The fluid is usually a gas created by high pressure combustion of solid or liquid propellants, consisting of fuel and oxidizer, inside a combustion chamber. As the gases expand through the nozzle, they are accelerated to very high speed, and the reaction to this pushes the engine in the opposite dir...

Ariane (rocket family) is a series of a European civilian expendable launch vehicles for space launch use. France proposed the Ariane project and it was agreed at the end of 1973 after discussions between France, Germany and the UK. The project was second Western Europe's attempt to develop its own launch vehicle following the unsuccessful Europa project.  The main purpose if this project was to get independent access to space for launching commercial payload into orbit. Among other satellites, there have been other missions such as Giotto, the probe to Halley’s Comet; or Hipparcos, the stellar distance-measuring satellite; or Rosetta, a comet rendezvous mission; and Envisat, a large Earth-observing satellite. The first ever Ariane 4 launch from Kourou on June 14, 1988 Ariane versions over the years Ariane 1 was launched 11 times, with 9 successful launches, into geostationary orbit, having 3 stages.  Ariane 2 was launched 6 times, with 6 successful launches, into geostat...

Classification: A small-lift launch vehicle is capable of lifting up to 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) to low Earth orbit. A medium-lift launch vehicle is capable of lifting 2,000 to 20,000 kg (4,400 to 44,000 lb) of payload into low Earth orbit. A heavy-lift launch vehicle is capable of lifting 20,000 to 50,000 kg (44,000 to 110,000 lb) of payload into low Earth orbit. A super heavy-lift launch vehicle is a launch vehicle allowing to lift more than 50,000 kg (110,000 lb.) of payload into low Earth orbit.  Retired or never used in operation: Saturn V was an US super heavy-lift launch vehicle used by NASA between 1967 and 1973.  It consisted of three stages, each of them fueled by liquid propellants. It was developed for the Apollo program to the Moon and was later used to launch Skylab, the first American space station. Note: Saturn IB was used for the later Apollo-Soyuz test project. Saturn V had with an Apollo program payload of a command module, service module, and Lunar Module a...

Thrust vectoring, known as well as thrust vector control, is the ability of an aircraft, rocket, or other vehicle to control the direction of the thrust from its engine to control the attitude or angular velocity of the vehicle. Thrust vectoring is often referred to as gas-dynamic steering or gas-dynamic control. When rockets and ballistic missiles fly in thinner atmosphere, aerodynamic control surfaces are less effective, so thrust vectoring is the primary goal of attitude control.  For aircraft, the method originally developed to provide upward vertical thrust to give aircraft vertical (VTOL) or short (STOL) takeoff and landing ability. Later it was realized that using vectored thrust in combat situations is useful for the aircraft performance and maneuverability. Aircraft that use no thrust vectoring must rely only on aerodynamic control surfaces, such as ailerons or elevator. Aircraft with vectoring must still use control surfaces, but it is not limited so much by them. A verti...

Early jet engines worked on the process where the majority of the air passing into the inlet of the engine was used in the combustion and passed through the core of the engine to the exit of the engine exhaust.  On the figure above you can see turbojet engine with all air going through the turbine.  On Figure below there are two types of turbojets: centrifugal and axial. Many early turbojets were centrifugal, such as early Rolls-Royce engines. The outlet of the compressor stage is perpendicular to the axis of the rotation of the impeller. The main disadvantage is their quite large size. Early jets were subsonic, so drag wasn't such a problem. However as aircraft got faster it was needed to develop engine with higher performance, which led to axial turbojets. Axial flow turbojets compress the air parallel to the axis of rotation of the shaft. While axial flow engines are rather longer than centrifugal flow engines, the cross-sectional areas are smaller, which leads to smal...

Internal combustion engines (ICE) are the most common form of heat engines, as they are used in vehicles, ships, airplanes, etc. The name is such because the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer occurs in  a certain space called chamber.  Simply say, fuel is ignited and work is done inside the engine. The same fuel and oxidizer, which is typically air, is emitted as an exhaust. That can happen either by using piston or turbine.  Internal combustion heat engines work on the principle of the ideal gas law (pV=nRT), which claims that raising the temperature of a gas increases the pressure that makes the gas to expand. An internal combustion engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas. When the heat is added, the gas expands. Piston raises in case of piston engines. In case of turbine, the hot air is forced through the chamber and turns the turbine. Piston engine works in a cycle, so it is intermittent type of comb...