Soyuz spacecraft, first generation
Soyuz spacecraft is a Soviet series of spacecraft. The program replaced the Voskhod program and it was originally designed as a part of the Soviet manned lunar programs. Soyuz spacecraft is launched by the Soyuz rocket. All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from Baikonur in Kazakhstan.
Soyuz spacecraft consists of 3 parts:
In case of failure, Vostok spacecraft had ejecting seat. However it worked only about after 20 seconds after liftoff or when it is too low, so that the parachute system won't deploy. They were inspired by Mercury safety system. Engineers created list of most likely happening failure modes. Unlike American spacecraft, Soyuz abort system was possible to activate only from the ground.
Living space in the orbital module creates about 5 m3. On the top of the orbital module is docking mechanism (on the drawing under the number 1). Reentry module, or reentry capsule is used tor safe trip back home. It contains heat shield to protect against the extreme heat during their passage through the atmosphere. Service module contains all necessary instruments needed for the mission in pressurized part, such as electric power supply, temperature control, radio telemetry and instruments for orientation, and non pressurized part, such as propulsion part, fuel. Outside the service module are the sensors for the orientation oriented towards the Sun.
The first generation dated between the 1967 and 1971, from Soyuz 1 to 11. The biggest difference from the next generation were bent solar panels and the docking navigation system to transfer the crew from the spacecraft to the station Salyut 1.
The primary aim of the mission was to achieve circumlunar flight. It was tested during the flights in the Zond program accompanied with the failures. Among other delays in the Soyuz program, program suffered huge loss due to the sudden death of S. Korolev on January 14, 1966.
The Soyuz 7K-LOK variant, usually simply LOK (Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl = Lunar Orbital Craft) was a Soviet manned spacecraft designed to launch men to the Moon. It was developed in parallel to Soyuz 7K-L1. It was supposed to carry 2 member crew, one in the orbiter and one in the lander. It was part of the N1/L3 program.
Soyuz 7K-OK variant:
Soyuz 1 was the first mission filled with technical problems and ended up with the death of the cosmonaut V. Komarov during the reentry crash, which was the first in flight fatality in the history of space flights.
The Soyuz 3 (G. Beregovoy) was mission to dock with unmanned Soyuz 2, but the docking failed.
The Soyuz 4 (January 14, 1969: V. Shatalov, A. Yeliseyev (landing), Ye. Khrunov (landing)) finally docked and switched crew with the Soyuz 5 (January 15, 1969: B. Volynov, A.Yeliseyev (launch), Ye. Khrunov (launch)).
Soyuz 6, 7, 8 - joint mission (launched on October 11, 12, resp. 13, 1969): G. Shonin, V. Kubasov; A. Filipchenko, V. Volkov, V. Gorbatko; V. Shatalov, A. Yeliseyev.
Soyuz 9 was cosmonaut endurance test flight lasting over 17 days and was launched on June, 1, 1970 (A. Nikolayev, V. Sevastyanov).
Soyuz 10 launched on April 23, 1970 failed docking with space station Salyut 1 (V. Shatalov, A. Yeliseyev, N. Rukavishnikov).
Soyuz 11 launched on June 6, 1971 spent almost 1 day in the orbit and docked and spent the day in Salyut 1 (G. Dobrovolsky, V. Patsayev, V. Volkov). However crew died after undocking with the station from asphyxiation.
Soyuz spacecraft consists of 3 parts:
- Orbital module - spherical shape (A), accommodation for the crew during the mission
- Reentry module - aerodynamic module (B), which returns the crew to Earth
- Service module - cylindrical shape with solar panel (C), contains engines and instruments.
The orbital and service modules are only for one use and they are burned during reentry in the atmosphere. Soyuz can bring up to 3 members of crew and can support life for up to 30 days.
In case of failure, Vostok spacecraft had ejecting seat. However it worked only about after 20 seconds after liftoff or when it is too low, so that the parachute system won't deploy. They were inspired by Mercury safety system. Engineers created list of most likely happening failure modes. Unlike American spacecraft, Soyuz abort system was possible to activate only from the ground.
Living space in the orbital module creates about 5 m3. On the top of the orbital module is docking mechanism (on the drawing under the number 1). Reentry module, or reentry capsule is used tor safe trip back home. It contains heat shield to protect against the extreme heat during their passage through the atmosphere. Service module contains all necessary instruments needed for the mission in pressurized part, such as electric power supply, temperature control, radio telemetry and instruments for orientation, and non pressurized part, such as propulsion part, fuel. Outside the service module are the sensors for the orientation oriented towards the Sun.
The first generation dated between the 1967 and 1971, from Soyuz 1 to 11. The biggest difference from the next generation were bent solar panels and the docking navigation system to transfer the crew from the spacecraft to the station Salyut 1.
The primary aim of the mission was to achieve circumlunar flight. It was tested during the flights in the Zond program accompanied with the failures. Among other delays in the Soyuz program, program suffered huge loss due to the sudden death of S. Korolev on January 14, 1966.
The Soyuz 7K-LOK variant, usually simply LOK (Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl = Lunar Orbital Craft) was a Soviet manned spacecraft designed to launch men to the Moon. It was developed in parallel to Soyuz 7K-L1. It was supposed to carry 2 member crew, one in the orbiter and one in the lander. It was part of the N1/L3 program.
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| in scale to each other |
Soyuz 7K-OK variant:
Soyuz 1 was the first mission filled with technical problems and ended up with the death of the cosmonaut V. Komarov during the reentry crash, which was the first in flight fatality in the history of space flights.
The Soyuz 3 (G. Beregovoy) was mission to dock with unmanned Soyuz 2, but the docking failed.
The Soyuz 4 (January 14, 1969: V. Shatalov, A. Yeliseyev (landing), Ye. Khrunov (landing)) finally docked and switched crew with the Soyuz 5 (January 15, 1969: B. Volynov, A.Yeliseyev (launch), Ye. Khrunov (launch)).
Soyuz 6, 7, 8 - joint mission (launched on October 11, 12, resp. 13, 1969): G. Shonin, V. Kubasov; A. Filipchenko, V. Volkov, V. Gorbatko; V. Shatalov, A. Yeliseyev.
Soyuz 9 was cosmonaut endurance test flight lasting over 17 days and was launched on June, 1, 1970 (A. Nikolayev, V. Sevastyanov).
Soyuz 10 launched on April 23, 1970 failed docking with space station Salyut 1 (V. Shatalov, A. Yeliseyev, N. Rukavishnikov).
Soyuz 11 launched on June 6, 1971 spent almost 1 day in the orbit and docked and spent the day in Salyut 1 (G. Dobrovolsky, V. Patsayev, V. Volkov). However crew died after undocking with the station from asphyxiation.
There are several variants of the Soyuz spacecraft:
- Soyuz-A 7K-9K-11K circumlunar complex proposal (1963)
- Soyuz 7K manned spacecraft concept
- Soyuz 9K proposed booster
- Soyuz 11K proposed fuel tanker
- Soyuz 7K-OK (1967–1970)
- Soyuz 7K-L1 Zond (1967–1970)
- Soyuz 7K-L3 LOK (1971–1972)
- Soyuz 7K-OKS (1971)
- Soyuz 7K-T or "ferry" (1973–1981)
- Soyuz 7K-T/A9 (1974–1978)
- 7K-MF6 (1976)
- Soyuz 7K-TM (1974–1976)
- Soyuz-T (1976–1986)
- Soyuz-TM (1986–2003)
- Soyuz-TMA (2003–2012)
- Soyuz-ACTS (2006)
- Soyuz-TMA-M (2010–2016)
- Soyuz MS (since 2016)
- Military Soyuz (P, PPK, R, 7K-VI Zvezda, and OIS)
- Soyuz P manned satellite interceptor proposal (1962)
- Soyuz R command-reconnaissance spacecraft proposal (1962)
- Soyuz 7K-TK (1966)
- Soyuz PPK revised version of Soyuz P (1964)
- Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda space station proposal (1964)
- Soyuz OIS (1967)
- Soyuz OB-VI space station proposal (1967)
- Soyuz 7K-S military transport proposal (1974)
- Soyuz 7K-ST concept for Soyuz T and TM (1974)
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